1
00:00:09,629 --> 00:00:07,469
hello everybody and welcome to this

2
00:00:11,640 --> 00:00:09,639
week's Hubbell hangout we are back from

3
00:00:13,320 --> 00:00:11,650
summer hiatus and this week we have

4
00:00:15,959 --> 00:00:13,330
another great hangout plan for you today

5
00:00:17,970 --> 00:00:15,969
astronomers using Hubble's archived data

6
00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:17,980
among other data sets have been looking

7
00:00:23,100 --> 00:00:21,130
into a mystery of how certain supernovae

8
00:00:24,540 --> 00:00:23,110
are exploding sooner than they should

9
00:00:26,100 --> 00:00:24,550
have our least than they were believed

10
00:00:27,300 --> 00:00:26,110
to and we've got an astronomer here from

11
00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:27,310
the University of Illinois to show us

12
00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:28,630
some of the research he's been doing

13
00:00:33,450 --> 00:00:32,050
into this it turns out that the that the

14
00:00:35,729 --> 00:00:33,460
answers are that there's a lot of

15
00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:35,739
different components involved in this so

16
00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:37,690
we'll learn about what that is and we

17
00:00:40,860 --> 00:00:39,550
will hopefully get some of your

18
00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:40,870
questions and comments throughout the

19
00:00:44,729 --> 00:00:42,850
Hangout as well but before I tell you

20
00:00:47,009 --> 00:00:44,739
how you can interact with this let me

21
00:00:50,099 --> 00:00:47,019
introduce my colleague dr. Carol

22
00:00:52,079 --> 00:00:50,109
Christian welcome back Carol oh you just

23
00:00:53,759 --> 00:00:52,089
got back from the IAU didn't you yes I

24
00:00:59,160 --> 00:00:53,769
did yeah you were telling me some of the

25
00:01:05,910 --> 00:00:59,170
fun that you had there yeah we avoided

26
00:01:08,010 --> 00:01:05,920
the storm you know dodged a bullet on

27
00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:08,020
that it sounds like but yeah it sounds

28
00:01:10,620 --> 00:01:09,310
like it was a big meeting a lot of a lot

29
00:01:12,810 --> 00:01:10,630
of astronomers showing up I don't think

30
00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:12,820
there was any Pluto catastrophes that

31
00:01:18,480 --> 00:01:13,920
came out of there as far as

32
00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:18,490
classifications or anything okay well

33
00:01:22,260 --> 00:01:20,650
cool and welcome back and I also have

34
00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:22,270
been just recently gotten back from

35
00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:24,910
vacation so I'm energized and ready to

36
00:01:28,830 --> 00:01:27,310
go and get started on this news is it a

37
00:01:31,230 --> 00:01:28,840
new season what is our season anyway to

38
00:01:36,150 --> 00:01:31,240
even have a season let's say this is the

39
00:01:38,370 --> 00:01:36,160
start of a new season of Hubble hangouts

40
00:01:40,050 --> 00:01:38,380
okay unfortunately Scott Lewis our

41
00:01:41,610 --> 00:01:40,060
internet driver extraordinary could not

42
00:01:44,610 --> 00:01:41,620
be with us this week but he will return

43
00:01:46,530 --> 00:01:44,620
next week and right now we're gonna have

44
00:01:47,670 --> 00:01:46,540
a lot of help from Kelly behind the

45
00:01:50,460 --> 00:01:47,680
scenes to show us a lot of different

46
00:01:53,490 --> 00:01:50,470
things so let's get started my guest

47
00:01:54,770 --> 00:01:53,500
today is dr. Ryan dr. Ryan Foley from

48
00:01:56,490 --> 00:01:54,780
the University of Illinois at

49
00:01:58,650 --> 00:01:56,500
champaign-urbana he's at the astronomy

50
00:02:01,050 --> 00:01:58,660
department there hi Ryan welcome what

51
00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:01,060
would our hangout I thanks for having me

52
00:02:04,770 --> 00:02:02,490
that's good of you to show up and we

53
00:02:06,300 --> 00:02:04,780
appreciated to hear about some of the

54
00:02:09,509 --> 00:02:06,310
things that you've been working on so

55
00:02:11,190 --> 00:02:09,519
there are oh I'm sorry I didn't go back

56
00:02:12,750 --> 00:02:11,200
to how to how to leave questions and

57
00:02:13,830 --> 00:02:12,760
comments like I should have so before I

58
00:02:16,229 --> 00:02:13,840
get going

59
00:02:18,150 --> 00:02:16,239
let me tell you how you can give us

60
00:02:20,460 --> 00:02:18,160
questions and comments we hope that you

61
00:02:22,199 --> 00:02:20,470
will use the Q&A app that's the easiest

62
00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:22,209
it's real there's a little button there

63
00:02:25,770 --> 00:02:24,040
but I didn't hang out window that you

64
00:02:27,330 --> 00:02:25,780
can press and ask a question and the

65
00:02:29,910 --> 00:02:27,340
advantage of doing that is I have a nice

66
00:02:32,490 --> 00:02:29,920
little pane right here that I can look

67
00:02:33,930 --> 00:02:32,500
at and see those those questions and

68
00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:33,940
comments real time and I can just click

69
00:02:38,729 --> 00:02:36,250
on one of them and then it will time it

70
00:02:41,030 --> 00:02:38,739
will timestamp when we actually address

71
00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:41,040
that comment in the YouTube video so

72
00:02:46,140 --> 00:02:43,450
that would be one way another way is to

73
00:02:47,729 --> 00:02:46,150
use the hashtag hub all hang out I'm

74
00:02:49,170 --> 00:02:47,739
using that I've got a whole column on my

75
00:02:52,050 --> 00:02:49,180
tweet deck set up to look at those

76
00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:52,060
tweets so we you can do that as well I'm

77
00:02:57,059 --> 00:02:54,340
also looking at the G+ event page in

78
00:02:58,410 --> 00:02:57,069
Google+ where you can leave comments and

79
00:03:00,420 --> 00:02:58,420
questions there as well so we hope that

80
00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:00,430
you will do it also and we should be

81
00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:02,530
doing this every week but if you want to

82
00:03:06,089 --> 00:03:03,970
learn more about our Hubbell hangouts

83
00:03:08,339 --> 00:03:06,099
please subscribe to our YouTube channel

84
00:03:11,009 --> 00:03:08,349
Hubbell site channel on YouTube as well

85
00:03:13,740 --> 00:03:11,019
as follow us at Hubbell telescope on

86
00:03:17,819 --> 00:03:13,750
Twitter we're also Hubble telescope on

87
00:03:19,349 --> 00:03:17,829
Facebook so like subscribe follow do all

88
00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:19,359
those things and you will learn more

89
00:03:23,340 --> 00:03:21,370
about when these when these hangouts

90
00:03:24,990 --> 00:03:23,350
occur as well as all the science and

91
00:03:26,640 --> 00:03:25,000
stuff that's fit to print from the

92
00:03:29,550 --> 00:03:26,650
hubble space telescope so please do that

93
00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:29,560
okay so back to Ryan dr. Ryan Foley so

94
00:03:34,199 --> 00:03:32,920
you were using Hubble archive data among

95
00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:34,209
other data sets and we're going to talk

96
00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:35,560
about what those are in just a little

97
00:03:40,590 --> 00:03:37,380
bit but you're interested in these

98
00:03:42,809 --> 00:03:40,600
supernovae that somehow we're exploding

99
00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:42,819
before they should have is that correct

100
00:03:44,849 --> 00:03:43,750
why don't you tell us a little bit of

101
00:03:48,030 --> 00:03:44,859
the background of what you were trying

102
00:03:49,770 --> 00:03:48,040
to do sure hopefully we'll be able to

103
00:03:53,430 --> 00:03:49,780
get it all done in the hour this is kind

104
00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:53,440
of a complex story but I'll take it slow

105
00:03:57,809 --> 00:03:55,630
and we'll do it as far as we can oh yeah

106
00:04:00,449 --> 00:03:57,819
and I'll try to hold your hand in this

107
00:04:03,140 --> 00:04:00,459
but if if you need additional

108
00:04:06,270 --> 00:04:03,150
explanation please stop me oh I will I

109
00:04:09,449 --> 00:04:06,280
can be a little long-winded sometimes so

110
00:04:10,770 --> 00:04:09,459
um so I guess I should I should start

111
00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:10,780
with just sort of the basic thing and

112
00:04:16,740 --> 00:04:12,250
say you know supernovae are exploding

113
00:04:19,409 --> 00:04:16,750
starts and that there's a variety of

114
00:04:21,060 --> 00:04:19,419
supernovae there are lots of ways that a

115
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:21,070
star can explode and a lot of different

116
00:04:26,150 --> 00:04:24,610
kinds of stars that explode and so we

117
00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:26,160
probably have a

118
00:04:30,500 --> 00:04:28,890
you know at this point figured out about

119
00:04:34,280 --> 00:04:30,510
a dozen different classes of stellar

120
00:04:37,390 --> 00:04:34,290
explosions and and this is one of the

121
00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:37,400
more peculiar or rarer classes which

122
00:04:43,190 --> 00:04:41,310
we've called calcium-rich supernova and

123
00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:43,200
I'll get into why we call them that in a

124
00:04:47,420 --> 00:04:43,530
minute

125
00:04:49,190 --> 00:04:47,430
but the basic story is that there are

126
00:04:52,730 --> 00:04:49,200
only about a dozen of these that we know

127
00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:52,740
about right now compared to the several

128
00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:54,630
thousand total supernovae that we know

129
00:04:57,710 --> 00:04:56,130
now wait okay so we're not talking

130
00:04:59,120 --> 00:04:57,720
you're talking about all super novae

131
00:05:03,140 --> 00:04:59,130
that we can see from Earth or from

132
00:05:04,820 --> 00:05:03,150
Hubble and that we've necessarily in our

133
00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:04,830
galaxy they're just that's right they're

134
00:05:09,650 --> 00:05:07,410
all over in the universe in the visible

135
00:05:13,910 --> 00:05:09,660
universe there's about a supernova every

136
00:05:15,830 --> 00:05:13,920
second and you know so it stars

137
00:05:17,570 --> 00:05:15,840
exploding in the visible universe Wow a

138
00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:17,580
super Dover every second somewhere in

139
00:05:21,230 --> 00:05:19,530
Andres something like that first time

140
00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:21,240
I've heard that that's uh we're missing

141
00:05:27,950 --> 00:05:23,970
a lot of them aren't we yeah we're

142
00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:27,960
missing a lot and and so we've over over

143
00:05:35,390 --> 00:05:30,990
the the the entirety of humanity we've

144
00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:35,400
detected a few thousand of them and most

145
00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:38,240
of them fall into a few categories and

146
00:05:45,470 --> 00:05:42,240
only a handful of those few thousand are

147
00:05:46,280 --> 00:05:45,480
this peculiar class of calcium-rich

148
00:05:48,530 --> 00:05:46,290
supernovae

149
00:05:50,330 --> 00:05:48,540
yeah you said about a dozen okay so what

150
00:05:52,370 --> 00:05:50,340
all right so you you you singled these

151
00:05:54,710 --> 00:05:52,380
out for some reason or they they just

152
00:05:56,840 --> 00:05:54,720
happen to be catch your eye for because

153
00:05:59,450 --> 00:05:56,850
of the kind that they were well so a

154
00:06:01,790 --> 00:05:59,460
little more than a decade ago so the

155
00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:01,800
first supernova you know this class was

156
00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:04,890
actually detected in the year 2000 but

157
00:06:08,930 --> 00:06:07,440
when it was detected we didn't exactly

158
00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:08,940
know what it was it took a few years

159
00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:12,270
before we figured this out and we when

160
00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:14,690
we had about four of these objects in

161
00:06:20,540 --> 00:06:18,810
2003 it was first proposed that there

162
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:20,550
was this class of calcium-rich

163
00:06:23,570 --> 00:06:21,990
supernovae the reason we call them

164
00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:23,580
calcium-rich is that when you take a

165
00:06:27,170 --> 00:06:25,110
spectrum when you take the light from

166
00:06:28,909 --> 00:06:27,180
the supernova you disperse it through

167
00:06:31,310 --> 00:06:28,919
something like a prism so you can see

168
00:06:32,810 --> 00:06:31,320
all the different wavelengths and doing

169
00:06:35,870 --> 00:06:32,820
that you can you can understand the

170
00:06:38,750 --> 00:06:35,880
composition of that of that object and

171
00:06:39,950 --> 00:06:38,760
when we do that for these calcium-rich

172
00:06:42,890 --> 00:06:39,960
supernovae they have very

173
00:06:45,499 --> 00:06:42,900
strong absorption and emission lines

174
00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:45,509
that are associated with calcium much

175
00:06:51,830 --> 00:06:47,520
stronger than what we see for other

176
00:06:53,450 --> 00:06:51,840
supernovae so we took a bit of a leap

177
00:06:57,170 --> 00:06:53,460
initially calling them from having

178
00:06:59,420 --> 00:06:57,180
strong calcium wines to say in calcium

179
00:07:00,890 --> 00:06:59,430
rich and which I was sort of like what

180
00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:00,900
the composition is that there's a lot of

181
00:07:04,999 --> 00:07:02,610
actually calcium created in the

182
00:07:06,559 --> 00:07:05,009
explosion but it turns out that when you

183
00:07:07,999 --> 00:07:06,569
do more detailed modeling that that

184
00:07:10,339 --> 00:07:08,009
works out so we got a little lucky there

185
00:07:11,749 --> 00:07:10,349
that's the opposite of what happened a

186
00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:11,759
little more than a hundred years ago

187
00:07:16,159 --> 00:07:14,130
where when people first started taking

188
00:07:18,290 --> 00:07:16,169
spectra of the Sun we saw a lot of iron

189
00:07:20,749 --> 00:07:18,300
lines and a lot of people initially who

190
00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:20,759
said that the Sun must be made of iron

191
00:07:27,140 --> 00:07:24,090
but then after understanding things like

192
00:07:29,749 --> 00:07:27,150
ionization it was then determined that

193
00:07:31,850 --> 00:07:29,759
those iron lines although very strong do

194
00:07:33,860 --> 00:07:31,860
not indicate that the Sun is mostly made

195
00:07:35,270 --> 00:07:33,870
out of iron it's mostly made out of

196
00:07:38,089 --> 00:07:35,280
hydrogen

197
00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:38,099
so in the in that same sense we can do

198
00:07:41,180 --> 00:07:39,690
the same thing with a with a supernova

199
00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:41,190
and determine what it's made out of and

200
00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:43,050
turns out that there is a lot of calcium

201
00:07:48,020 --> 00:07:45,090
in these calcium richer supernovae much

202
00:07:50,089 --> 00:07:48,030
more so per you know the total mass of

203
00:07:52,550 --> 00:07:50,099
the abundance the percentage of the

204
00:07:55,189 --> 00:07:52,560
material is much more calcium than other

205
00:07:56,779 --> 00:07:55,199
supernovae okay so that's not so in

206
00:07:58,100 --> 00:07:56,789
addition to being calcium rich though of

207
00:08:00,020 --> 00:07:58,110
these supernovae new of which there you

208
00:08:02,390 --> 00:08:00,030
said they were 13 that you analyzed in

209
00:08:03,950 --> 00:08:02,400
your study there that's not the only

210
00:08:05,420 --> 00:08:03,960
thing you noticed about them right they

211
00:08:08,029 --> 00:08:05,430
were actually moving in a characteristic

212
00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:08,039
way it's relevant my correct great so so

213
00:08:14,839 --> 00:08:10,530
the the next thing that happened was in

214
00:08:18,230 --> 00:08:14,849
about 2010 there were a hint there was

215
00:08:19,820 --> 00:08:18,240
the first really good study of one of

216
00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:19,830
these objects that was kind of out in

217
00:08:25,999 --> 00:08:23,250
the middle of nowhere it was close to a

218
00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:26,009
galaxy but it wasn't as close as as most

219
00:08:29,870 --> 00:08:28,650
of the stars in that galaxy so you

220
00:08:31,939 --> 00:08:29,880
wouldn't if you just looked at a picture

221
00:08:34,519 --> 00:08:31,949
of it you wouldn't necessarily say oh

222
00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:34,529
that's that's part of that galaxy but

223
00:08:40,490 --> 00:08:37,110
because galaxies are spread out enough

224
00:08:42,589 --> 00:08:40,500
it was the only nearby galaxy it had to

225
00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:42,599
have been sort of associated with it and

226
00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:44,610
then when we when we did more detailed

227
00:08:47,810 --> 00:08:46,470
analysis we we could say that it was at

228
00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:47,820
the same distance of that as like

229
00:08:53,689 --> 00:08:51,350
galaxies just kind of far away and so

230
00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:53,699
it's it's sort of like if you're in the

231
00:08:56,810 --> 00:08:53,940
middle

232
00:08:58,550 --> 00:08:56,820
Wyoming and you see somebody you know 20

233
00:09:00,410 --> 00:08:58,560
miles outside of a town but then the

234
00:09:01,790 --> 00:09:00,420
next town is a hundred miles away he was

235
00:09:04,700 --> 00:09:01,800
like well maybe they live in that town

236
00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:04,710
yeah so we we made so hit their mail

237
00:09:13,010 --> 00:09:09,810
there too yeah exactly so so that was a

238
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:13,020
little odd but but we didn't think too

239
00:09:18,740 --> 00:09:17,010
much of it the but when we found a few

240
00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:18,750
more of these objects a lot of them were

241
00:09:25,940 --> 00:09:21,480
very far from their from their host

242
00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:25,950
galaxies and that was odd and we had to

243
00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:27,810
and we had to you know think about how

244
00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:30,420
they could possibly be that far away and

245
00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:31,890
there are a bunch of options just you

246
00:09:37,580 --> 00:09:33,930
know off the top of your head one of

247
00:09:40,010 --> 00:09:37,590
which is that there could just be a star

248
00:09:41,930 --> 00:09:40,020
that far out there that's kind of

249
00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:41,940
unlikely when you start getting a whole

250
00:09:45,470 --> 00:09:43,890
bunch of these objects because if you

251
00:09:48,260 --> 00:09:45,480
think that the stars that are exploding

252
00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:48,270
are like most stars in the galaxies then

253
00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:50,640
the supernova should kind of trace the

254
00:09:54,140 --> 00:09:52,290
light they should trace where the stars

255
00:09:56,780 --> 00:09:54,150
are if they're just I don't understand I

256
00:09:59,450 --> 00:09:56,790
don't understand that what trace them so

257
00:10:01,670 --> 00:09:59,460
you should have many more supernovae

258
00:10:03,710 --> 00:10:01,680
near the Centers of galaxies or you know

259
00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:03,720
that are spread out over the disk of the

260
00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:05,490
galaxy or anything like that because

261
00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:06,930
that's where the stars are in that

262
00:10:11,210 --> 00:10:09,450
galaxy and so if you found one thing

263
00:10:12,710 --> 00:10:11,220
that was really far away then you might

264
00:10:14,780 --> 00:10:12,720
say all right well you know that just

265
00:10:16,790 --> 00:10:14,790
happened be that one weird star that

266
00:10:18,620 --> 00:10:16,800
exploded but when you see a bunch of

267
00:10:21,680 --> 00:10:18,630
them that are very far away then that

268
00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:21,690
becomes very unlikely in the same sense

269
00:10:25,550 --> 00:10:23,370
that you know if you see one guy 10

270
00:10:26,900 --> 00:10:25,560
miles out of town and he's very well

271
00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:26,910
maybe he's just like going for a walk

272
00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:30,120
and he went for a really long walk but

273
00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:33,060
if you if you saw 50 people outside of

274
00:10:37,670 --> 00:10:35,730
town maybe even scatter all around then

275
00:10:39,620 --> 00:10:37,680
you start to think you know there might

276
00:10:43,010 --> 00:10:39,630
be a reason why people are out that far

277
00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:43,020
and it's not just sort of random and so

278
00:10:47,930 --> 00:10:46,170
so another possibility maybe I just want

279
00:10:49,910 --> 00:10:47,940
to start a communist out of town on well

280
00:10:53,420 --> 00:10:49,920
so exactly no that's not exactly the

281
00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:53,430
sort of thing is so it in galaxies there

282
00:10:58,640 --> 00:10:56,480
are very clumped populations of stars

283
00:11:01,190 --> 00:10:58,650
some of which we would call like a

284
00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:01,200
globular cluster which is a collection

285
00:11:07,940 --> 00:11:03,810
of stars in that galaxy but they are

286
00:11:09,470 --> 00:11:07,950
kind of self-gravitating they though

287
00:11:12,950 --> 00:11:09,480
we're gonna record those stars will

288
00:11:15,260 --> 00:11:12,960
orbit around some common center and and

289
00:11:19,340 --> 00:11:15,270
then that whole cluster will orbit the

290
00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:19,350
galaxies together and in that same sense

291
00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:21,360
you can have sort of a commune around

292
00:11:25,490 --> 00:11:23,610
some small town or maybe a suburb for a

293
00:11:28,670 --> 00:11:25,500
very large town that kind of thing um

294
00:11:31,550 --> 00:11:28,680
and so that was one real possibility

295
00:11:34,610 --> 00:11:31,560
because globular clusters tend to have a

296
00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:34,620
more extended distribution than just the

297
00:11:40,610 --> 00:11:37,290
normal stars and then similarly just

298
00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:40,620
like how there are satellite galaxies to

299
00:11:44,180 --> 00:11:42,090
the Milky Way like the Large Magellanic

300
00:11:47,540 --> 00:11:44,190
Cloud the small member I didn't even

301
00:11:48,860 --> 00:11:47,550
smaller dwarf galaxies it could be the

302
00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:48,870
case that there's something like that

303
00:11:54,530 --> 00:11:52,250
and that also has a very extended

304
00:11:56,810 --> 00:11:54,540
distribution in that there they can to

305
00:11:59,390 --> 00:11:56,820
be further out than this than the stars

306
00:12:00,980 --> 00:11:59,400
that compose the galaxies okay so these

307
00:12:04,490 --> 00:12:00,990
are these are things that are I was

308
00:12:06,410 --> 00:12:04,500
gonna comment here so so a fundamental

309
00:12:10,190 --> 00:12:06,420
to this is that we already know that

310
00:12:14,780 --> 00:12:10,200
supernovae are stars yes we don't expect

311
00:12:16,820 --> 00:12:14,790
that stars just form an ice in isolation

312
00:12:19,070 --> 00:12:16,830
there we don't have any evidence that

313
00:12:21,560 --> 00:12:19,080
there are these isolated clumps of not

314
00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:21,570
too often hydrogen gas and stuff that

315
00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:23,370
just collapsed this makes one star and

316
00:12:28,370 --> 00:12:26,220
it becomes a supernova wait so the idea

317
00:12:30,410 --> 00:12:28,380
is a supernova which is a star has to

318
00:12:32,270 --> 00:12:30,420
come from a population center where

319
00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:32,280
there are other stars because that's how

320
00:12:35,930 --> 00:12:34,080
stars form and we know this we have

321
00:12:36,710 --> 00:12:35,940
evidence across the universe that's how

322
00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:36,720
this that's right

323
00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:39,540
that's that's that's right all the other

324
00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:41,490
supernovae are associated and just as we

325
00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:48,720
expect exactly it's absolutely right

326
00:12:54,740 --> 00:12:51,450
that all other kinds of supernovae they

327
00:12:57,260 --> 00:12:54,750
they track where the stars should be and

328
00:13:00,070 --> 00:12:57,270
this one type they were out in the

329
00:13:03,290 --> 00:13:00,080
middle of nowhere we didn't know why and

330
00:13:04,670 --> 00:13:03,300
and so those those were those were some

331
00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:04,680
scenarios that I put out there but then

332
00:13:09,410 --> 00:13:06,950
there's another scenario and that's that

333
00:13:11,840 --> 00:13:09,420
you know like just like this guy who

334
00:13:13,730 --> 00:13:11,850
might be ten miles out of town walking

335
00:13:16,370 --> 00:13:13,740
on his own he doesn't live there

336
00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:16,380
necessarily maybe he does live in some

337
00:13:19,250 --> 00:13:17,520
little commune or something like that

338
00:13:21,710 --> 00:13:19,260
but another another possibility is that

339
00:13:24,319 --> 00:13:21,720
he lives in the town and he just walked

340
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:24,329
miles that can happen with stars two

341
00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:27,600
stars can be born somewhere in a galaxy

342
00:13:32,689 --> 00:13:31,050
and then they can they can move very far

343
00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:32,699
from where they were born and under the

344
00:13:37,759 --> 00:13:34,970
certain conditions that we'll talk about

345
00:13:38,990 --> 00:13:37,769
you can have a star move very far away

346
00:13:42,079 --> 00:13:39,000
from the galaxy in fact you can have

347
00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:42,089
stars that that are kicked out of their

348
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:43,730
galaxies they end up actually

349
00:13:47,929 --> 00:13:46,110
gravitationally unbound from their

350
00:13:49,999 --> 00:13:47,939
galaxies and so that's another

351
00:13:51,740 --> 00:13:50,009
possibility so were these I mean where

352
00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:51,750
they gravitationally unbound these

353
00:14:01,730 --> 00:13:56,970
supernovae well so I would say you know

354
00:14:04,699 --> 00:14:01,740
um so too we so a few years ago we had

355
00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:04,709
these handful of different possibilities

356
00:14:09,110 --> 00:14:07,050
and there was some clues that things

357
00:14:11,139 --> 00:14:09,120
weren't really making sense because

358
00:14:14,329 --> 00:14:11,149
using Hubble data and some other data

359
00:14:16,069 --> 00:14:14,339
other groups they looked at the

360
00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:16,079
positions of the supernovae and they

361
00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:19,680
took really really deep images of the

362
00:14:24,559 --> 00:14:21,660
spots where the supernova exploded and

363
00:14:27,259 --> 00:14:24,569
if if you expected there to be some

364
00:14:28,939 --> 00:14:27,269
little dwarf galaxies or globular

365
00:14:31,309 --> 00:14:28,949
clusters with like that you would have

366
00:14:32,889 --> 00:14:31,319
probably detected it in these these

367
00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:32,899
images and they didn't detect anything

368
00:14:37,699 --> 00:14:35,610
so there really was nothing there there

369
00:14:39,530 --> 00:14:37,709
are no stars there that's like literally

370
00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:39,540
a star out on its own now they're alone

371
00:14:43,490 --> 00:14:41,490
nowhere right so you know again if

372
00:14:45,949 --> 00:14:43,500
you're if we take this analogy of the

373
00:14:47,389 --> 00:14:45,959
guy walking ten miles out of town if you

374
00:14:48,499 --> 00:14:47,399
just saw him on the side of the road you

375
00:14:50,540 --> 00:14:48,509
wouldn't really know where he came from

376
00:14:52,819 --> 00:14:50,550
but then if you if you had an aerial

377
00:14:54,619 --> 00:14:52,829
image and you didn't see any other

378
00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:54,629
people around you didn't see any you

379
00:14:58,369 --> 00:14:56,490
know little buildings or something then

380
00:14:59,840 --> 00:14:58,379
you would say well he probably doesn't

381
00:15:03,710 --> 00:14:59,850
live out there he probably lives in town

382
00:15:05,210 --> 00:15:03,720
even he got there somehow so so that was

383
00:15:07,220 --> 00:15:05,220
the question is like so where were they

384
00:15:10,850 --> 00:15:07,230
born how did they get there

385
00:15:13,519 --> 00:15:10,860
and and so I this was something that I

386
00:15:15,139 --> 00:15:13,529
just like for a while it was stuck in my

387
00:15:17,059 --> 00:15:15,149
head I didn't know exactly what to do so

388
00:15:19,819 --> 00:15:17,069
I started looking at some of the

389
00:15:21,319 --> 00:15:19,829
archival data and there were a few

390
00:15:26,869 --> 00:15:21,329
things that that kind of popped out

391
00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:26,879
right away the first is is that there

392
00:15:30,829 --> 00:15:29,279
are some of these supernovae where we

393
00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:30,839
see them very very far from their

394
00:15:34,009 --> 00:15:32,490
galaxies and then there are others where

395
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:34,019
they look like they're on top of the

396
00:15:37,129 --> 00:15:35,310
galaxy but

397
00:15:40,129 --> 00:15:37,139
of course we don't really know how close

398
00:15:41,749 --> 00:15:40,139
they are to that galaxy because we only

399
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:41,759
have a two-dimensional picture of the

400
00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:46,410
sky right because because the distances

401
00:15:49,819 --> 00:15:47,730
are so large it just looks like

402
00:15:52,910 --> 00:15:49,829
everything's on top of each other and so

403
00:15:55,970 --> 00:15:52,920
you can have well those red ships I mean

404
00:15:58,670 --> 00:15:55,980
rupture exactly so so just from an image

405
00:16:01,489 --> 00:15:58,680
alone you can you can have a galaxy and

406
00:16:03,619 --> 00:16:01,499
a star this that's very close by or you

407
00:16:05,629 --> 00:16:03,629
can have a galaxy and a star that's very

408
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:05,639
far away and they can still if I can't

409
00:16:11,090 --> 00:16:07,680
line them up they can be on top of each

410
00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:11,100
other and so so the images themselves

411
00:16:14,989 --> 00:16:13,050
are not enough information you need this

412
00:16:16,999 --> 00:16:14,999
third dimension and we get that through

413
00:16:23,660 --> 00:16:17,009
red chips oh sorry I didn't mean to

414
00:16:26,780 --> 00:16:23,670
steal your punchline oh you I just

415
00:16:29,179 --> 00:16:26,790
wanted to point out that in your analogy

416
00:16:31,999 --> 00:16:29,189
of the guy walking around away from town

417
00:16:34,249 --> 00:16:32,009
centre these objects are so far away we

418
00:16:36,980 --> 00:16:34,259
can't measure that transverse great

419
00:16:39,530 --> 00:16:36,990
motion so if Ryan could measure it going

420
00:16:40,939 --> 00:16:39,540
zoom that would have been a clue but you

421
00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:40,949
can't do that because it's too far away

422
00:16:46,819 --> 00:16:43,290
and you know it's a little tiny motion

423
00:16:49,910 --> 00:16:46,829
so right so so instead but we can

424
00:16:54,530 --> 00:16:49,920
measure the velocity along our line of

425
00:16:56,829 --> 00:16:54,540
sight and and and so I looked at those

426
00:17:00,410 --> 00:16:56,839
velocities for the different objects and

427
00:17:02,449 --> 00:17:00,420
what I found was was not expected for me

428
00:17:05,659 --> 00:17:02,459
so the objects that were really really

429
00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:05,669
far away from their galaxies it looked

430
00:17:11,389 --> 00:17:08,520
like they weren't moving at all in you

431
00:17:12,860 --> 00:17:11,399
know towards us or away from us but the

432
00:17:15,199 --> 00:17:12,870
ones that were on top of their galaxies

433
00:17:16,909 --> 00:17:15,209
they looked like they were mostly moving

434
00:17:19,220 --> 00:17:16,919
towards us some of them were moving away

435
00:17:21,049 --> 00:17:19,230
from us but mostly moving towards us and

436
00:17:23,029 --> 00:17:21,059
at very high speeds and we're still

437
00:17:26,419 --> 00:17:23,039
talking about these 13 right he's this

438
00:17:30,590 --> 00:17:26,429
group of 30 the 13 the 13 calcium-rich

439
00:17:33,020 --> 00:17:30,600
asleep unity okay and so so that that

440
00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:33,030
immediately tells you because there's

441
00:17:39,260 --> 00:17:36,090
this this relationship between how far

442
00:17:42,049 --> 00:17:39,270
away it appears this supernova appears

443
00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:42,059
to be from its galaxy and the velocity

444
00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:43,980
towards us or away from us that tells

445
00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:45,240
you immediately that it has something to

446
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:47,850
do with their position it's not just

447
00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:48,960
something that had to do with

448
00:17:52,669 --> 00:17:51,090
the explosion or something like that if

449
00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:52,679
that were the case then you would expect

450
00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:54,120
some of the ones that are far away to

451
00:17:58,490 --> 00:17:55,830
look like they're coming very fast

452
00:18:00,769 --> 00:17:58,500
towards us or away from us and then some

453
00:18:02,810 --> 00:18:00,779
then the ones that are close in maybe

454
00:18:04,430 --> 00:18:02,820
just the same kind of distribution of

455
00:18:09,950 --> 00:18:04,440
velocities and we saw something very

456
00:18:11,750 --> 00:18:09,960
different and the the next step up that

457
00:18:14,419 --> 00:18:11,760
you would say is alright if we can

458
00:18:16,070 --> 00:18:14,429
measure these velocities and a lot of

459
00:18:17,630 --> 00:18:16,080
these objects that are right on top

460
00:18:20,149 --> 00:18:17,640
they're galaxies they're they're moving

461
00:18:21,740 --> 00:18:20,159
very quickly towards us and then we see

462
00:18:23,870 --> 00:18:21,750
these other objects that aren't moving

463
00:18:26,990 --> 00:18:23,880
towards us or away from us but they're

464
00:18:28,820 --> 00:18:27,000
really far away the the thing you you

465
00:18:31,760 --> 00:18:28,830
have to make in your head is here say

466
00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:31,770
alright I can move this velocity and

467
00:18:35,180 --> 00:18:33,360
think about it if they were moving in

468
00:18:37,519 --> 00:18:35,190
another direction if I just saw it from

469
00:18:39,139 --> 00:18:37,529
a different angle then the velocity

470
00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:39,149
would be going out in the plane of the

471
00:18:43,310 --> 00:18:40,850
sky but if it were moving very quickly

472
00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:43,320
for a long time then it would be very

473
00:18:48,399 --> 00:18:46,080
far away and so one of the keys is that

474
00:18:50,690 --> 00:18:48,409
the the velocities were incredibly high

475
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:50,700
one to two thousand kilometers per

476
00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:55,110
second which is is sort of around 10

477
00:19:00,830 --> 00:18:57,570
times higher than the velocities for

478
00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:00,840
most stars in a galaxy I was gonna I was

479
00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:01,950
gonna ask you about that it's not

480
00:19:05,690 --> 00:19:03,600
characteristic of the Stars within that

481
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:05,700
galaxy then yeah it's it's much higher

482
00:19:12,220 --> 00:19:09,510
and but it is it is similar to some

483
00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:12,230
stars very few stars that we've detected

484
00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:15,600
in the Milky Way and we call these

485
00:19:21,380 --> 00:19:18,510
hypervelocity stars that have velocities

486
00:19:23,779 --> 00:19:21,390
so high that they can escape the

487
00:19:26,029 --> 00:19:23,789
gravitational pull of the Milky Way in

488
00:19:28,340 --> 00:19:26,039
the same sense that when we shoot off

489
00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:28,350
rockets if you if you get the rocket

490
00:19:32,750 --> 00:19:31,080
moving fast enough then it can escape

491
00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:32,760
the gravitational pull of the earth and

492
00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:35,850
go off into deep space in the same sense

493
00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:37,890
if you can get a star moving fast enough

494
00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:39,600
it can escape the gravitational pull of

495
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:41,970
its own galaxy and go off into deep

496
00:19:48,110 --> 00:19:45,600
space so so something was was

497
00:19:50,269 --> 00:19:48,120
accelerating these stars exactly so

498
00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:50,279
that's that's the story is that there is

499
00:19:56,510 --> 00:19:53,340
something that that from the the galaxy

500
00:19:59,120 --> 00:19:56,520
it was making some of these objects go

501
00:20:02,820 --> 00:19:59,130
very very quickly towards us and then we

502
00:20:04,260 --> 00:20:02,830
saw the velocity as being very high

503
00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:04,270
and then occasionally they'll go off

504
00:20:09,570 --> 00:20:06,490
just you know in a different direction

505
00:20:12,810 --> 00:20:09,580
it's just our art perspective and there

506
00:20:14,250 --> 00:20:12,820
it would go very very far away in the

507
00:20:16,050 --> 00:20:14,260
plane of the sky and when you take the

508
00:20:17,430 --> 00:20:16,060
snapshot when it finally explodes and

509
00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:17,440
you see where it is because it was

510
00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:19,570
moving so quickly for some amount of

511
00:20:25,980 --> 00:20:21,730
time then you would say all right it has

512
00:20:28,950 --> 00:20:25,990
to be very far away so so that that kind

513
00:20:30,780 --> 00:20:28,960
of explains this velocity effect and the

514
00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:30,790
distances but then you still have this

515
00:20:37,350 --> 00:20:32,950
question of well exactly how did you

516
00:20:41,070 --> 00:20:37,360
accelerate those stars and all I presume

517
00:20:42,510 --> 00:20:41,080
you're gonna tell us yes so to get back

518
00:20:46,070 --> 00:20:42,520
to the Milky Way where we have these

519
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:46,080
hypervelocity stars there we have a very

520
00:20:50,190 --> 00:20:48,970
good theory for what's happening when we

521
00:20:53,310 --> 00:20:50,200
detect these stars that are moving in

522
00:20:56,030 --> 00:20:53,320
over a thousand kilometres per second we

523
00:20:58,350 --> 00:20:56,040
can we can trace their three-dimensional

524
00:21:01,140 --> 00:20:58,360
velocity vector because they're close

525
00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:01,150
enough where you can actually see the

526
00:21:06,020 --> 00:21:02,890
motion in the plane of the sky and

527
00:21:08,490 --> 00:21:06,030
measure the velocity with a redshift and

528
00:21:09,420 --> 00:21:08,500
when you do that you can you can say

529
00:21:11,730 --> 00:21:09,430
where did it come from

530
00:21:16,530 --> 00:21:11,740
and these stars come from the very very

531
00:21:18,150 --> 00:21:16,540
center of our galaxy and and what's at

532
00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:18,160
the very very center of our galaxy a

533
00:21:25,170 --> 00:21:22,290
supermassive black hole and and so

534
00:21:27,420 --> 00:21:25,180
there's there's a very clear theory of

535
00:21:31,230 --> 00:21:27,430
what what happens for these stars these

536
00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:31,240
stars start off in in a binary system so

537
00:21:36,930 --> 00:21:33,550
two stars that are orbiting each other

538
00:21:39,660 --> 00:21:36,940
and there's somewhere near this the

539
00:21:41,070 --> 00:21:39,670
supermassive black hole and some you

540
00:21:43,230 --> 00:21:41,080
know they most of the time they'll just

541
00:21:44,370 --> 00:21:43,240
be going in some normal orbit and even

542
00:21:46,260 --> 00:21:44,380
though they're close to that black hole

543
00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:46,270
they'll just continue in their orbit and

544
00:21:49,710 --> 00:21:48,370
nothing big ol now you're still talking

545
00:21:51,390 --> 00:21:49,720
about stars within our Milky Way right

546
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:51,400
they die Milky Way very good we're still

547
00:21:57,180 --> 00:21:54,250
there but occasionally there will be

548
00:21:58,500 --> 00:21:57,190
some interaction with some other star or

549
00:22:01,260 --> 00:21:58,510
something like that that'll knock it

550
00:22:04,770 --> 00:22:01,270
slightly off of its orbit and it'll get

551
00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:04,780
so close to the to the black hole where

552
00:22:11,130 --> 00:22:07,690
what happens is the black hole will

553
00:22:14,190 --> 00:22:11,140
break up this pair one of them will be

554
00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:14,200
captured by the black hole and then the

555
00:22:19,450 --> 00:22:16,490
other one because it

556
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:19,460
longer has this this companion plus its

557
00:22:24,490 --> 00:22:21,770
being you know whipped around this this

558
00:22:26,860 --> 00:22:24,500
black hole it gets slingshot it out its

559
00:22:30,070 --> 00:22:26,870
accelerated to one or two thousand

560
00:22:32,890 --> 00:22:30,080
kilometers per second and it just zooms

561
00:22:35,050 --> 00:22:32,900
away and it goes fast enough where you

562
00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:35,060
can escape the the pole of the entire

563
00:22:39,730 --> 00:22:38,030
galaxy and then this other star that

564
00:22:43,150 --> 00:22:39,740
what you know so there were the two

565
00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:43,160
stars in the pair one is zooming off you

566
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:45,230
know incredibly high speeds and then the

567
00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:46,970
other one is captured by the black hole

568
00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:49,370
okay so these are star interactions with

569
00:22:52,660 --> 00:22:50,900
a single supermassive black hole within

570
00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:52,670
our within our Milky Way galaxy what's

571
00:22:56,710 --> 00:22:54,890
so special why you why are you careful

572
00:22:59,350 --> 00:22:56,720
to point out a binary star couldn't just

573
00:23:02,440 --> 00:22:59,360
any star happen to be on the wrong right

574
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:02,450
so it's wrong time so it turns out that

575
00:23:08,950 --> 00:23:05,810
these super novae they we are pretty

576
00:23:09,790 --> 00:23:08,960
sure come from binary there's calcium

577
00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:09,800
rich ones

578
00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:11,240
the calcium richer supernova we are

579
00:23:15,550 --> 00:23:13,550
pretty sure come from a binary system

580
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:15,560
and that's a binary system when they

581
00:23:21,490 --> 00:23:18,850
explode so you have to have two stars

582
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:21,500
that that are in this system when they

583
00:23:27,220 --> 00:23:23,890
explode and the reason for that is that

584
00:23:29,260 --> 00:23:27,230
although single stars can explode a

585
00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:29,270
supernova then we think that they have

586
00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:31,400
to be very very massive stars right good

587
00:23:38,620 --> 00:23:35,930
okay and if you want it to a low-mass

588
00:23:41,260 --> 00:23:38,630
star to explode what you need is a white

589
00:23:44,710 --> 00:23:41,270
dwarf or something like that probably

590
00:23:47,740 --> 00:23:44,720
that it accretes material from a binary

591
00:23:49,180 --> 00:23:47,750
companion so material from from one

592
00:23:52,410 --> 00:23:49,190
other stars being dumped on to this

593
00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:52,420
white dwarf until something bad happens

594
00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:55,100
enough fuel and then it just it just

595
00:23:58,150 --> 00:23:57,050
will go through some explosion okay I

596
00:23:59,560 --> 00:23:58,160
want to stick with this idea for a

597
00:24:00,820 --> 00:23:59,570
minute because most supernova you

598
00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:00,830
already said and this is only most of us

599
00:24:04,990 --> 00:24:03,170
know about already occur with very very

600
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:05,000
massive stars they're they're their

601
00:24:08,170 --> 00:24:06,410
course collapse there's different kinds

602
00:24:09,970 --> 00:24:08,180
of supernova like you point out but this

603
00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:09,980
one that you're addressing here these

604
00:24:14,530 --> 00:24:12,500
calcium-rich ones probably have because

605
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:14,540
of the nature of the like because you

606
00:24:18,730 --> 00:24:16,730
can categorize these things yes are

607
00:24:20,740 --> 00:24:18,740
probably part of the binary and probably

608
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:20,750
one of the companions is a white dwarf

609
00:24:22,570 --> 00:24:22,310
that somehow messing around with this

610
00:24:26,230 --> 00:24:22,580
one

611
00:24:28,630 --> 00:24:26,240
and so how low mass then cover star can

612
00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:28,640
you make exploding this way how how far

613
00:24:32,550 --> 00:24:30,700
down so we don't we

614
00:24:35,010 --> 00:24:32,560
no exactly but I would I would guess

615
00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:35,020
somewhere if you really wanted it to be

616
00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:37,090
the lowest it'd be about half the mass

617
00:24:43,860 --> 00:24:39,580
of the Sun really you can make a star

618
00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:43,870
half the mass of our Sun explode I would

619
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:45,970
say you know alright so certainly things

620
00:24:49,650 --> 00:24:47,410
that are around the mass of our Sun we

621
00:24:51,930 --> 00:24:49,660
can make explode and I think if if you

622
00:24:54,540 --> 00:24:51,940
really wanted to in sort of the ways

623
00:24:57,180 --> 00:24:54,550
that we're talking about here it would

624
00:24:59,100 --> 00:24:57,190
explode at maybe about half of the mass

625
00:25:00,630 --> 00:24:59,110
this time wow that's amazing I learned

626
00:25:02,790 --> 00:25:00,640
to make two new things here today that's

627
00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:02,800
great okay so before we go to the next

628
00:25:05,490 --> 00:25:03,850
step which I know you're gonna talk

629
00:25:07,470 --> 00:25:05,500
about merging and anymore this is you've

630
00:25:09,210 --> 00:25:07,480
just described star interactions with a

631
00:25:11,430 --> 00:25:09,220
single black hole at the center of the

632
00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:11,440
or one like it I have I have a question

633
00:25:14,550 --> 00:25:12,850
here from Adams synergy which is a

634
00:25:16,890 --> 00:25:14,560
little relevant to what we just the

635
00:25:18,540 --> 00:25:16,900
topic we just left and he says if the

636
00:25:20,430 --> 00:25:18,550
stars travel at around five million

637
00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:20,440
miles an hour after ejection which was

638
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:21,970
the high speed hyper stars you were

639
00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:24,910
talking about is the supernova ejecta

640
00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:26,860
traveling at even greater hyper velocity

641
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:28,450
so you were you were looking at these

642
00:25:33,090 --> 00:25:31,690
these far-flung stars exploding what

643
00:25:37,110 --> 00:25:33,100
about is the ejecta now moving even

644
00:25:40,020 --> 00:25:37,120
faster yes so if if if we look at

645
00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:40,030
typical supernova they're there their

646
00:25:44,930 --> 00:25:42,250
velocities are definitely faster than

647
00:25:48,510 --> 00:25:44,940
typical velocities for supernovae or

648
00:25:50,220 --> 00:25:48,520
something like five to ten thousand

649
00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:50,230
kilometers per second so that that would

650
00:25:55,740 --> 00:25:52,420
be you know two to five times faster

651
00:25:57,390 --> 00:25:55,750
than the motion of these stars that's

652
00:25:59,610 --> 00:25:57,400
definitely true for these though they

653
00:26:01,560 --> 00:25:59,620
these calcium-rich supernovae are low

654
00:26:03,180 --> 00:26:01,570
energy supernovae their lower energy

655
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:03,190
than the normal ones and their

656
00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:05,410
velocities tend to be lower but still

657
00:26:10,980 --> 00:26:08,260
higher than this one or two thousand

658
00:26:15,450 --> 00:26:10,990
kilometer per second a kick that it

659
00:26:18,060 --> 00:26:15,460
gets uncommon but we can still account

660
00:26:21,180 --> 00:26:18,070
for for the the difference here and the

661
00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:21,190
reason is eventually when when you have

662
00:26:25,650 --> 00:26:22,990
a supernova when it starts off it's very

663
00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:25,660
hot it's actually very similar to a star

664
00:26:31,350 --> 00:26:29,290
in that it has a photosphere and that

665
00:26:34,050 --> 00:26:31,360
just that just means that you can't see

666
00:26:36,180 --> 00:26:34,060
all the way through it that there's your

667
00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:36,190
son has a photosphere exactly a son has

668
00:26:39,540 --> 00:26:37,570
a photosphere and so that what that

669
00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:39,550
means is that when you look at the Sun

670
00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:41,650
you can't see the other side but

671
00:26:46,110 --> 00:26:44,290
eventually with a supernova because it's

672
00:26:48,090 --> 00:26:46,120
if the material is ejected in its

673
00:26:50,730 --> 00:26:48,100
expanding outward eventually that

674
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:50,740
material becomes low enough density that

675
00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:52,090
you can see all the way through it and

676
00:26:56,909 --> 00:26:54,490
this is when we see a supernova remnant

677
00:26:59,549 --> 00:26:56,919
we can see all the way through it okay

678
00:27:01,409 --> 00:26:59,559
and in well before the the supernova

679
00:27:03,750 --> 00:27:01,419
remnant stage even you can see all the

680
00:27:07,650 --> 00:27:03,760
way through a supernova and so you can

681
00:27:09,330 --> 00:27:07,660
measure effectively the velocity of all

682
00:27:13,350 --> 00:27:09,340
of the material along your line of sight

683
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:13,360
and so it doesn't necessarily matter how

684
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:15,610
broad of a distribution you have a

685
00:27:20,610 --> 00:27:17,650
velocity is how fast the fastest

686
00:27:23,220 --> 00:27:20,620
material is moving because you can still

687
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:23,230
as long as there is some sort of general

688
00:27:28,530 --> 00:27:25,530
peak you can measure what the average

689
00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:28,540
velocity is so you can measure the

690
00:27:35,970 --> 00:27:30,700
average velocity of all of the material

691
00:27:38,220 --> 00:27:35,980
and and that can be a fraction of the of

692
00:27:40,590 --> 00:27:38,230
the of the highest philosophies for the

693
00:27:42,030 --> 00:27:40,600
it occur the supernova explosion and you

694
00:27:45,330 --> 00:27:42,040
can still make a good measurement of

695
00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:45,340
that and that's what we did okay well so

696
00:27:50,610 --> 00:27:47,580
the the the you said that they were low

697
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:50,620
intensity or low energy super these

698
00:27:54,210 --> 00:27:52,690
calcium-rich lenses is that due

699
00:27:55,740 --> 00:27:54,220
primarily the fact of these stars are

700
00:27:59,159 --> 00:27:55,750
pretty low mass as well there just isn't

701
00:28:00,990 --> 00:27:59,169
that much material to yes to really go

702
00:28:03,810 --> 00:28:01,000
so that's the theory

703
00:28:07,650 --> 00:28:03,820
I mean without getting into too much

704
00:28:09,270 --> 00:28:07,660
detail that when you when you burn a

705
00:28:11,669 --> 00:28:09,280
material if you if you're if you're

706
00:28:14,220 --> 00:28:11,679
undergoing nuclear fusion from light

707
00:28:16,919 --> 00:28:14,230
elements up to heavier elements you gain

708
00:28:21,409 --> 00:28:16,929
energy from those from those fusion

709
00:28:25,470 --> 00:28:21,419
reactions until you get to around iron

710
00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:25,480
and the reason for that is just a very

711
00:28:32,070 --> 00:28:28,360
stable nucleus that's relatively dense

712
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:32,080
and when you go past the if you go to

713
00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:33,490
the elements that are much heavier than

714
00:28:39,150 --> 00:28:35,980
than iron if you go to things like gold

715
00:28:43,049 --> 00:28:39,160
or uranium or anything like that you

716
00:28:47,159 --> 00:28:43,059
have to add energy to to make those

717
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:47,169
elements and so as a result because you

718
00:28:51,030 --> 00:28:48,970
don't want to necessarily steal that

719
00:28:52,350 --> 00:28:51,040
energy you just sort of go until you

720
00:28:54,780 --> 00:28:52,360
peter out of energy

721
00:28:56,669 --> 00:28:54,790
most supernova explosions or at least

722
00:28:58,169 --> 00:28:56,679
the ones that come from white dwarfs

723
00:29:01,889 --> 00:28:58,179
they produce a lot of

724
00:29:06,180 --> 00:29:01,899
a lot of elements near iron though iron

725
00:29:09,779 --> 00:29:06,190
cobalt nickel things like that and and

726
00:29:12,210 --> 00:29:09,789
and the these these calcium rich super

727
00:29:14,899 --> 00:29:12,220
novae however they have a lot of calcium

728
00:29:19,169 --> 00:29:14,909
and calcium is much lighter than iron

729
00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:19,179
and and so what that means is you know

730
00:29:25,470 --> 00:29:21,820
there was still the potential to to fuse

731
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:25,480
to heavier elements and get some energy

732
00:29:31,889 --> 00:29:28,450
so something must have happened and the

733
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:31,899
way that you you sort of stall this this

734
00:29:35,930 --> 00:29:34,210
process this fusion process this you

735
00:29:39,419 --> 00:29:35,940
have to just make it so that the overall

736
00:29:42,210 --> 00:29:39,429
explosion is very weak and very low

737
00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:42,220
energy and super effectively you can you

738
00:29:47,549 --> 00:29:44,710
can imagine doing this if you have if

739
00:29:49,220 --> 00:29:47,559
you have to just you know pure gasoline

740
00:29:52,619 --> 00:29:49,230
or something and you light it on fire

741
00:29:54,149 --> 00:29:52,629
then it'll all burn away but if you take

742
00:29:56,070 --> 00:29:54,159
gasoline and you throw a bunch of water

743
00:29:57,419 --> 00:29:56,080
in it you mix it up and then you and

744
00:29:59,399 --> 00:29:57,429
then you light it on fire maybe just the

745
00:30:00,720 --> 00:29:59,409
surface will burn and then everything

746
00:30:02,759 --> 00:30:00,730
that's mixed in with the water doesn't

747
00:30:04,409 --> 00:30:02,769
burn oh boy Ryan I just gonna say you're

748
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:04,419
really good with analogies I really like

749
00:30:08,789 --> 00:30:07,450
your knowledge all right well good all

750
00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:08,799
right so thank you Adam that was a good

751
00:30:12,450 --> 00:30:10,090
question I appreciate your doing that

752
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:12,460
you're asking us I want to get now to

753
00:30:19,889 --> 00:30:16,210
what the so so these these star

754
00:30:21,210 --> 00:30:19,899
interactions with normal normal a single

755
00:30:23,509 --> 00:30:21,220
supermassive black holes in the center

756
00:30:25,499 --> 00:30:23,519
of our galaxy is not what you think

757
00:30:27,029 --> 00:30:25,509
tributed to the motions of these

758
00:30:28,799 --> 00:30:27,039
supernovae why don't we get to that and

759
00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:28,809
while we do it let's go ahead and put up

760
00:30:33,539 --> 00:30:30,940
this schematic that we have in the press

761
00:30:35,519 --> 00:30:33,549
release called scenario for homeless

762
00:30:38,369 --> 00:30:35,529
supernova I think our analogy is getting

763
00:30:40,379 --> 00:30:38,379
away from us here but yeah here it is

764
00:30:41,940 --> 00:30:40,389
okay so why don't you explain what you

765
00:30:42,810 --> 00:30:41,950
think's going on with these with these

766
00:30:45,419 --> 00:30:42,820
speeds

767
00:30:48,409 --> 00:30:45,429
okay so just as a reminder career the

768
00:30:50,759 --> 00:30:48,419
Milky Way when you have these these two

769
00:30:52,980 --> 00:30:50,769
stars that come near a supermassive

770
00:30:55,409 --> 00:30:52,990
black hole then that that those two

771
00:30:57,810 --> 00:30:55,419
stars get ripped apart from each other

772
00:31:00,119 --> 00:30:57,820
one it stays behind with the black hole

773
00:31:02,159 --> 00:31:00,129
and the other one's ejected but what I

774
00:31:03,899 --> 00:31:02,169
said is for the supernova tap and you

775
00:31:06,570 --> 00:31:03,909
need two stars to begin and you need two

776
00:31:08,489 --> 00:31:06,580
stars at the time of the explosion which

777
00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:08,499
means if you're going to have another

778
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:10,570
star ripped apart from that those other

779
00:31:14,810 --> 00:31:12,090
two stars then you need three star

780
00:31:17,029 --> 00:31:14,820
to begin with and that's just hard to do

781
00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:17,039
there aren't that many three-star

782
00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:18,330
systems that are in the right

783
00:31:23,419 --> 00:31:19,890
configuration and so if you only have a

784
00:31:25,940 --> 00:31:23,429
single black hole we don't think that

785
00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:25,950
there will be enough of these systems to

786
00:31:31,279 --> 00:31:28,650
make the super novae that we have so

787
00:31:35,090 --> 00:31:31,289
instead we come up with this we came up

788
00:31:37,070 --> 00:31:35,100
with this idea that it sounds crazier

789
00:31:40,549 --> 00:31:37,080
but it actually we think will will

790
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:40,559
increase the the rate of these

791
00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:44,960
explosions so every once in a while a

792
00:31:50,930 --> 00:31:48,960
galaxy will be very close to another

793
00:31:56,029 --> 00:31:50,940
galaxy and gravitationally they'll come

794
00:31:58,340 --> 00:31:56,039
together and they'll merge and we have a

795
00:31:59,990 --> 00:31:58,350
video for this I think would you rather

796
00:32:02,269 --> 00:32:00,000
show that okay why don't we start with

797
00:32:04,510 --> 00:32:02,279
that and the launcher and what while I'm

798
00:32:06,950 --> 00:32:04,520
you know again in my long-winded

799
00:32:10,130 --> 00:32:06,960
explanation I'm sure we'll get to the

800
00:32:13,639 --> 00:32:10,140
details of this so if you have two if

801
00:32:15,430 --> 00:32:13,649
you have two galaxies that are that are

802
00:32:17,060 --> 00:32:15,440
close enough that they will

803
00:32:19,460 --> 00:32:17,070
gravitationally come together and this

804
00:32:21,019 --> 00:32:19,470
is something that will we will

805
00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:21,029
eventually happen to the Milky Way

806
00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:23,490
galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy they're

807
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:25,260
on a collision course yeah this is one

808
00:32:30,289 --> 00:32:26,850
of our simulations or a frank simulation

809
00:32:31,850 --> 00:32:30,299
should show this collision and so when

810
00:32:34,310 --> 00:32:31,860
these two when these two galaxies

811
00:32:37,279 --> 00:32:34,320
combine what ends up happening

812
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:37,289
importantly you know in addition to all

813
00:32:42,799 --> 00:32:39,510
the stars getting reconfigured and a

814
00:32:44,269 --> 00:32:42,809
bunch of gas getting spread around and

815
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:44,279
there being these beautiful tidal tails

816
00:32:49,039 --> 00:32:46,110
and things like that

817
00:32:52,370 --> 00:32:49,049
additionally the supermassive black hole

818
00:32:55,730 --> 00:32:52,380
at at the center of each galaxy they

819
00:32:57,799 --> 00:32:55,740
come together to each each galaxy this

820
00:33:01,039 --> 00:32:57,809
is one of the highlights of what Hubble

821
00:33:03,409 --> 00:33:01,049
has done is is finding that essentially

822
00:33:05,210 --> 00:33:03,419
every single galaxy that we know of has

823
00:33:08,450 --> 00:33:05,220
a supermassive black hole at the center

824
00:33:11,090 --> 00:33:08,460
and Hubble has also shown that some

825
00:33:12,380 --> 00:33:11,100
supermassive black holes have two I'm

826
00:33:13,789 --> 00:33:12,390
sorry some galaxies have two

827
00:33:17,149 --> 00:33:13,799
supermassive black holes at their

828
00:33:18,289 --> 00:33:17,159
centers and what we think happens in

829
00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:18,299
those cases is that there were two

830
00:33:22,850 --> 00:33:20,490
galaxies that came together and merged

831
00:33:25,850 --> 00:33:22,860
and then these two supermassive black

832
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:25,860
holes which are you

833
00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:29,760
very very massive they'll both sink to

834
00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:31,919
the center of this new galaxy and

835
00:33:35,930 --> 00:33:33,570
they'll be very close to each other and

836
00:33:38,570 --> 00:33:35,940
one day we expect them to actually merge

837
00:33:41,419 --> 00:33:38,580
together to make a single backflip but

838
00:33:50,889 --> 00:33:41,429
before that happens and now maybe we can

839
00:33:57,549 --> 00:33:55,130
good so before that happens these black

840
00:34:01,519 --> 00:33:57,559
holes that are coming close together

841
00:34:03,649 --> 00:34:01,529
they'll go first of all bill each one

842
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:03,659
has their own little star cluster around

843
00:34:07,789 --> 00:34:06,330
them these are the stars that just like

844
00:34:09,980 --> 00:34:07,799
in our Milky Way there's a big star

845
00:34:12,950 --> 00:34:09,990
cluster around it's at the Milky Way's

846
00:34:14,690 --> 00:34:12,960
supermassive black hole and these these

847
00:34:16,190 --> 00:34:14,700
stars normally they just they'll just

848
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:16,200
orbit around and there won't be much of

849
00:34:21,190 --> 00:34:18,290
a problem but then as these two

850
00:34:23,329 --> 00:34:21,200
supermassive black holes come together

851
00:34:26,810 --> 00:34:23,339
then all of a sudden you're you're

852
00:34:30,139 --> 00:34:26,820
taking this this reservoir of stars you

853
00:34:32,480 --> 00:34:30,149
know this this entourage of millions of

854
00:34:34,159 --> 00:34:32,490
stars and all of a sudden you're you're

855
00:34:38,329 --> 00:34:34,169
effectively throwing them at another

856
00:34:39,649 --> 00:34:38,339
supermassive black hole and in the same

857
00:34:42,139 --> 00:34:39,659
is going in Reverse because each of

858
00:34:44,570 --> 00:34:42,149
these supermassive black holes has one

859
00:34:46,550 --> 00:34:44,580
of these big star clusters so as a

860
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:46,560
result this this process that normally

861
00:34:52,820 --> 00:34:49,530
is very rare it happens like we think

862
00:34:55,790 --> 00:34:52,830
once every 100 or thousand years where

863
00:34:58,460 --> 00:34:55,800
one of these stars gets ejected from the

864
00:35:01,940 --> 00:34:58,470
Milky Way in the cases where you have

865
00:35:05,180 --> 00:35:01,950
two supermassive black holes you can you

866
00:35:07,579 --> 00:35:05,190
can increase that rate to not not one

867
00:35:11,290 --> 00:35:07,589
per hundred years but maybe something

868
00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:11,300
like a hundred per year so it's

869
00:35:15,530 --> 00:35:13,800
significantly more just because all of a

870
00:35:20,020 --> 00:35:15,540
sudden you have this other black hole by

871
00:35:22,550 --> 00:35:20,030
all of these millions of stars now um

872
00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:22,560
the other fun thing about this in

873
00:35:25,820 --> 00:35:24,330
addition to just like increasing the

874
00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:25,830
total number of stars that are going to

875
00:35:31,490 --> 00:35:27,890
interact gravitationally with these

876
00:35:34,130 --> 00:35:31,500
supermassive black holes is that if you

877
00:35:36,170 --> 00:35:34,140
have a binary system what you can do is

878
00:35:39,140 --> 00:35:36,180
you can essentially slingshot that

879
00:35:39,470 --> 00:35:39,150
binary system by one black hole and then

880
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:39,480
by

881
00:35:44,180 --> 00:35:42,210
the second black hole and you can

882
00:35:48,859 --> 00:35:44,190
accelerate them to these hypervelocity

883
00:35:51,620 --> 00:35:48,869
speeds without breaking them up and and

884
00:35:53,720 --> 00:35:51,630
a lot of times they do break out those

885
00:35:56,420 --> 00:35:53,730
two stars that were orbiting around each

886
00:35:58,550 --> 00:35:56,430
other they'll completely separate but

887
00:36:01,090 --> 00:35:58,560
other times they won't and in fact when

888
00:36:06,830 --> 00:36:01,100
they don't what we think happens is

889
00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:06,840
they'll first get into these very very

890
00:36:12,530 --> 00:36:08,880
eccentric orbits where essentially

891
00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:12,540
they're the two stars instead of looking

892
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:14,850
like a circle a circular orbit they'll

893
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:16,770
look more like a really really stretched

894
00:36:22,630 --> 00:36:18,450
out ellipse and so they'll be going

895
00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:22,640
around very very elliptical orbits that

896
00:36:28,370 --> 00:36:25,560
that'll need to begin with but then very

897
00:36:30,920 --> 00:36:28,380
quickly because these these stars are

898
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:30,930
already pretty close that'll that'll

899
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:32,910
circularize the orbits will become more

900
00:36:36,770 --> 00:36:35,010
circular again but then they'll be

901
00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:36,780
tighter so when they started off they

902
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:38,550
might be orbiting this far apart and

903
00:36:43,430 --> 00:36:40,890
then afterwards they do this really

904
00:36:45,050 --> 00:36:43,440
eccentric orbit and then eventually that

905
00:36:46,820 --> 00:36:45,060
becomes circular and then they're close

906
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:46,830
together so the double black holes

907
00:36:50,540 --> 00:36:48,450
coming together really messes with their

908
00:36:52,040 --> 00:36:50,550
orbital dynamics and then one throw now

909
00:36:53,870 --> 00:36:52,050
they get they kind of stabilize a little

910
00:36:55,460 --> 00:36:53,880
bit better and we need that we still

911
00:36:57,109 --> 00:36:55,470
need the binary stars though to have an

912
00:37:01,609 --> 00:36:57,119
explosion at all right that's right and

913
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:01,619
so and but but so this this process of

914
00:37:06,740 --> 00:37:03,510
having the two supermassive black holes

915
00:37:08,599 --> 00:37:06,750
does three really important things first

916
00:37:11,330 --> 00:37:08,609
it increases the number of stars that

917
00:37:13,820 --> 00:37:11,340
are going to get kicked out two it makes

918
00:37:17,210 --> 00:37:13,830
it so that these binary systems can

919
00:37:19,550 --> 00:37:17,220
survive and three when these binary

920
00:37:23,560 --> 00:37:19,560
systems do survive it brings the two

921
00:37:26,420 --> 00:37:23,570
stars much much closer together okay so

922
00:37:27,890 --> 00:37:26,430
we'll talk about this more but that last

923
00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:27,900
bit of the two stars getting closer

924
00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:30,090
together that's essentially shortening

925
00:37:34,849 --> 00:37:32,850
the fuse for the explosion which

926
00:37:36,530 --> 00:37:34,859
explains what which might be why they're

927
00:37:39,170 --> 00:37:36,540
exploding before their time why you

928
00:37:41,750 --> 00:37:39,180
would ordinarily expect I see so you've

929
00:37:44,330 --> 00:37:41,760
come together with a pretty elaborate

930
00:37:46,190 --> 00:37:44,340
scheme for for all of this to happen the

931
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:46,200
way we're the to match the observations

932
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:48,210
how confident are you that this is

933
00:37:53,060 --> 00:37:49,710
what's actually going on what have you

934
00:37:57,650 --> 00:37:56,330
so I you know in with scientists we

935
00:38:01,550 --> 00:37:57,660
always have kind of have different

936
00:38:03,980 --> 00:38:01,560
levels of our confidence I'm I'm very

937
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:03,990
confident that the the stars are coming

938
00:38:09,020 --> 00:38:06,330
from the Centers of their galaxies

939
00:38:12,830 --> 00:38:09,030
I'm very confident in that I'm also very

940
00:38:14,090 --> 00:38:12,840
confident that these these the galaxies

941
00:38:15,380 --> 00:38:14,100
that are hosting these objects and we

942
00:38:20,420 --> 00:38:15,390
haven't even really talked about this

943
00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:20,430
they seem to have had recent mergers and

944
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:23,000
so the combination of those two things

945
00:38:27,740 --> 00:38:25,410
makes it so that it looks like they are

946
00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:27,750
getting ejected from the center the very

947
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:29,880
centers of their galaxies and the

948
00:38:35,750 --> 00:38:31,530
mergers say that there's probably a

949
00:38:37,340 --> 00:38:35,760
binary supermassive black hole the the

950
00:38:39,950 --> 00:38:37,350
place where then things get more

951
00:38:43,310 --> 00:38:39,960
complicated is are there going to be

952
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:43,320
enough of these events because we've

953
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:45,330
found 13 which doesn't seem like that

954
00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:49,530
many but it's it actually you know it's

955
00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:51,810
a reasonable number and you might not

956
00:38:56,360 --> 00:38:53,700
have expected that many so together

957
00:39:00,980 --> 00:38:56,370
jives then with with galaxy merger rates

958
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:00,990
and it's close enough where I'm not

959
00:39:05,810 --> 00:39:03,330
afraid to say that I think that this is

960
00:39:08,180 --> 00:39:05,820
possible but it's it's probably off by a

961
00:39:10,250 --> 00:39:08,190
factor of like 10 from what we think we

962
00:39:12,110 --> 00:39:10,260
know and of course you know every you

963
00:39:13,790 --> 00:39:12,120
know there there's a lot of uncertainty

964
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:13,800
in in these numbers and so it's

965
00:39:17,540 --> 00:39:15,690
completely consistent but it's far

966
00:39:19,010 --> 00:39:17,550
enough away where where I'm not gonna

967
00:39:22,370 --> 00:39:19,020
you know I'm not gonna bet my house on

968
00:39:24,890 --> 00:39:22,380
it okay but but I bet a dinner on it I

969
00:39:27,050 --> 00:39:24,900
did it I so I have a question so you

970
00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:27,060
have these galaxies so you find these

971
00:39:30,740 --> 00:39:29,130
weird stars you try to figure it out you

972
00:39:32,210 --> 00:39:30,750
say okay it looks like some of them are

973
00:39:34,250 --> 00:39:32,220
wandering off we can't measure the

974
00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:34,260
velocity but they're a long way wait we

975
00:39:37,610 --> 00:39:35,940
think the analogous ones with ones

976
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:37,620
coming towards us we can measure them

977
00:39:43,790 --> 00:39:40,010
they're all calcium-rich there is

978
00:39:47,140 --> 00:39:43,800
supernova trace back we have mergers is

979
00:39:49,970 --> 00:39:47,150
there are there any other symptoms of

980
00:39:51,890 --> 00:39:49,980
the I mean you see the mergers but are

981
00:39:55,790 --> 00:39:51,900
there any other symptoms of a binary

982
00:39:59,060 --> 00:39:55,800
black hole that would tell you oh also

983
00:40:04,070 --> 00:39:59,070
binary black holes produce this other

984
00:40:07,069 --> 00:40:04,080
thing we see that - whoa so yes so first

985
00:40:08,420 --> 00:40:07,079
of all let me step back in

986
00:40:12,109 --> 00:40:08,430
maybe maybe now is a good time to

987
00:40:15,430 --> 00:40:12,119
actually show the Hubble images now is

988
00:40:21,469 --> 00:40:15,440
always a good time to show Hubble that

989
00:40:24,349 --> 00:40:21,479
so in the in the little video that we

990
00:40:27,319 --> 00:40:24,359
saw when these two galaxies come

991
00:40:30,019 --> 00:40:27,329
together and merge in addition to kind

992
00:40:31,519 --> 00:40:30,029
of taking what were very pretty galaxies

993
00:40:34,999 --> 00:40:31,529
and then spreading out all the stars

994
00:40:37,029 --> 00:40:35,009
into this more spherical configuration

995
00:40:40,759 --> 00:40:37,039
one of the things that happens is that

996
00:40:44,089 --> 00:40:40,769
sort of the shredded galaxies there's

997
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:44,099
still some remnant of it and one of the

998
00:40:51,199 --> 00:40:46,890
things that we see are it are we see

999
00:40:54,799 --> 00:40:51,209
that the dust and gas that was in one of

1000
00:40:58,940 --> 00:40:54,809
these galaxies it gets spread out in the

1001
00:41:02,599 --> 00:40:58,950
new galaxies and this is unlike what we

1002
00:41:05,870 --> 00:41:02,609
see in very old spherical galaxies if we

1003
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:05,880
see if we see a relatively spherical

1004
00:41:11,449 --> 00:41:08,910
galaxy with a lot of dust then it's

1005
00:41:14,089 --> 00:41:11,459
likely that it had a recent merger and

1006
00:41:16,969 --> 00:41:14,099
so these beautiful Hubble images of

1007
00:41:19,069 --> 00:41:16,979
these galaxies you can see going kind of

1008
00:41:23,390 --> 00:41:19,079
from your top left to your bottom right

1009
00:41:25,609 --> 00:41:23,400
in both of these this this smudge that

1010
00:41:29,839 --> 00:41:25,619
goes straight through the beautiful

1011
00:41:33,199 --> 00:41:29,849
galaxy and that's thust that's we call

1012
00:41:37,180 --> 00:41:33,209
that a dust Blaine and what that really

1013
00:41:41,359 --> 00:41:37,190
is is the evidence of some recent merger

1014
00:41:43,339 --> 00:41:41,369
so so from these images and then from

1015
00:41:45,469 --> 00:41:43,349
some other lines of evidence it really

1016
00:41:47,959 --> 00:41:45,479
looks like these the galaxies that that

1017
00:41:51,289 --> 00:41:47,969
are near the supernovae had recent

1018
00:41:52,670 --> 00:41:51,299
mergers but that alone doesn't

1019
00:41:54,759 --> 00:41:52,680
necessarily say that there's a super

1020
00:41:59,479 --> 00:41:54,769
method of binary supermassive black hole

1021
00:42:01,069 --> 00:41:59,489
and and to confirm that there's a binary

1022
00:42:03,349 --> 00:42:01,079
supermassive black hole is actually a

1023
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:03,359
very difficult observation to make it's

1024
00:42:10,880 --> 00:42:06,690
been done a handful of times sometimes

1025
00:42:14,749 --> 00:42:10,890
in in when you have very ideal

1026
00:42:16,069 --> 00:42:14,759
situations and we just don't have those

1027
00:42:18,469 --> 00:42:16,079
kinds of things it's sort of like you

1028
00:42:20,660 --> 00:42:18,479
know 1% of all galaxy mergers might be

1029
00:42:21,260 --> 00:42:20,670
in this configuration and then then it's

1030
00:42:22,610 --> 00:42:21,270
easier

1031
00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:22,620
to make that observation if you just

1032
00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:25,290
have normal binary supermassive black

1033
00:42:28,820 --> 00:42:27,270
holes it's hard but not impossible to do

1034
00:42:32,570 --> 00:42:28,830
and so one of the things that we're

1035
00:42:36,110 --> 00:42:32,580
looking into doing down the road is to

1036
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:36,120
measure the velocities of the stars

1037
00:42:41,990 --> 00:42:38,610
right at the Centers of these galaxies

1038
00:42:43,790 --> 00:42:42,000
and so what you can find is if for a

1039
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:43,800
normal single supermassive black hole

1040
00:42:48,770 --> 00:42:46,890
there's a certain way that the stars

1041
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:48,780
will kind of orbit around that that

1042
00:42:52,760 --> 00:42:51,330
singled a supermassive black hole if

1043
00:42:54,920 --> 00:42:52,770
there are two supermassive black holes

1044
00:42:57,710 --> 00:42:54,930
that changes how those stars are

1045
00:42:59,570 --> 00:42:57,720
orbiting around the two of them and so

1046
00:43:01,550 --> 00:42:59,580
that's something that we're looking into

1047
00:43:04,160 --> 00:43:01,560
to confirm them how you gonna do that

1048
00:43:07,610 --> 00:43:04,170
how far away are these galaxies well so

1049
00:43:11,450 --> 00:43:07,620
the closest ones are not too far so that

1050
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:11,460
the closest ones are are around 20 mega

1051
00:43:19,420 --> 00:43:15,810
parsecs or so which if so let me so yes

1052
00:43:23,360 --> 00:43:19,430
so the closest one is 23 mega parsecs

1053
00:43:28,970 --> 00:43:23,370
which is something like you know 75 60

1054
00:43:31,580 --> 00:43:28,980
75 million light-years away you know

1055
00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:31,590
it's their third depth that sounds large

1056
00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:34,170
those are actually pretty close by to

1057
00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:36,690
give some reference the the Virgo

1058
00:43:41,750 --> 00:43:39,690
cluster is it's like 15 to 20 min I'm

1059
00:43:43,970 --> 00:43:41,760
asked a group that our our galaxy is a

1060
00:43:47,210 --> 00:43:43,980
member of so well yeah yes so we're

1061
00:43:50,420 --> 00:43:47,220
we're on some of these are further but

1062
00:43:53,570 --> 00:43:50,430
but a lot of them are pretty close the

1063
00:43:56,120 --> 00:43:53,580
the key to to making the measurement

1064
00:43:58,400 --> 00:43:56,130
that I'm talking about is to is to

1065
00:44:01,790 --> 00:43:58,410
really resolve out the center of the

1066
00:44:04,610 --> 00:44:01,800
galaxy and you can do this two ways one

1067
00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:04,620
that's been done in this you know

1068
00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:08,850
incredibly well work from now two

1069
00:44:18,020 --> 00:44:13,880
decades ago with Hubble is to use the

1070
00:44:20,630 --> 00:44:18,030
really incredible resolution of Hubble

1071
00:44:24,050 --> 00:44:20,640
and take a spectrum of just the very

1072
00:44:26,240 --> 00:44:24,060
center of the galaxy and so this is

1073
00:44:29,450 --> 00:44:26,250
something that that was that's been done

1074
00:44:32,090 --> 00:44:29,460
many many times with Hubble and it's

1075
00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:32,100
it's it's been able to determine not

1076
00:44:34,880 --> 00:44:33,720
just that there are supermassive black

1077
00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:34,890
holes and

1078
00:44:39,349 --> 00:44:38,130
all these these galaxies but that we can

1079
00:44:41,720 --> 00:44:39,359
measure the the mass of those

1080
00:44:43,819 --> 00:44:41,730
supermassive black holes oh wow that's

1081
00:44:45,680 --> 00:44:43,829
great so I well I don't want to go back

1082
00:44:47,779 --> 00:44:45,690
to the idea that there was evidence of

1083
00:44:49,789 --> 00:44:47,789
these mergers have having these galaxies

1084
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:49,799
haven't been in mergers when you said

1085
00:44:54,170 --> 00:44:52,410
that a telltale sign was the dust lanes

1086
00:44:56,059 --> 00:44:54,180
that you saw there but isn't it also

1087
00:44:58,880 --> 00:44:56,069
these were elliptical galaxies and these

1088
00:45:00,440 --> 00:44:58,890
are among the most oldest galaxies and

1089
00:45:01,880 --> 00:45:00,450
the largest galaxies in the universe so

1090
00:45:05,240 --> 00:45:01,890
wouldn't that by definition make them uh

1091
00:45:10,009 --> 00:45:05,250
I can't are a victim of lots of mergers

1092
00:45:12,009 --> 00:45:10,019
well yes so too the the there there are

1093
00:45:14,870 --> 00:45:12,019
there are a few theories on how

1094
00:45:17,839 --> 00:45:14,880
elliptical galaxies come to be but one

1095
00:45:20,450 --> 00:45:17,849
very prominent one is that you have

1096
00:45:23,150 --> 00:45:20,460
spiral galaxies that merge and then that

1097
00:45:25,430 --> 00:45:23,160
that will then reconfigure the orbits of

1098
00:45:28,099 --> 00:45:25,440
all the stars in the two galaxies and

1099
00:45:31,759 --> 00:45:28,109
then they become an elliptical galaxy uh

1100
00:45:34,190 --> 00:45:31,769
the the issue is that when when you have

1101
00:45:37,250 --> 00:45:34,200
a merger then there's some settling out

1102
00:45:38,750 --> 00:45:37,260
time early on you'll see you'll see two

1103
00:45:40,460 --> 00:45:38,760
galaxies where it's very clear that

1104
00:45:41,809 --> 00:45:40,470
there are two separate galaxies but

1105
00:45:44,720 --> 00:45:41,819
they're interacting with each other

1106
00:45:47,240 --> 00:45:44,730
later on you'll see us evidence of that

1107
00:45:49,099 --> 00:45:47,250
you might just see that the but there's

1108
00:45:51,460 --> 00:45:49,109
these dust lanes and then if you wait

1109
00:45:53,829 --> 00:45:51,470
even longer then the dust will dissipate

1110
00:45:58,370 --> 00:45:53,839
and you just see this beautiful

1111
00:46:01,120 --> 00:45:58,380
elliptical galaxy and so and so in those

1112
00:46:03,490 --> 00:46:01,130
cases it's just a matter of timing

1113
00:46:06,140 --> 00:46:03,500
there's also the you know the

1114
00:46:08,059 --> 00:46:06,150
possibility that you have an elliptical

1115
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:08,069
galaxy and another elliptical galaxies

1116
00:46:11,180 --> 00:46:09,930
merge and then you wouldn't see any dust

1117
00:46:14,450 --> 00:46:11,190
but you would still have a binary

1118
00:46:16,279 --> 00:46:14,460
supermassive black hole so so there

1119
00:46:19,579 --> 00:46:16,289
there there are a lot of ways to think

1120
00:46:21,079 --> 00:46:19,589
about this and and and like I said you

1121
00:46:23,180 --> 00:46:21,089
know we we really do need to do the

1122
00:46:25,730 --> 00:46:23,190
follow-up observations and confirm that

1123
00:46:28,789 --> 00:46:25,740
at least a subset of these have binary

1124
00:46:30,470 --> 00:46:28,799
supermassive black holes but all the all

1125
00:46:32,539 --> 00:46:30,480
the evidence that we have so far is

1126
00:46:34,099 --> 00:46:32,549
pointing that way cool alright great

1127
00:46:36,259 --> 00:46:34,109
well good running out of time now I have

1128
00:46:37,910 --> 00:46:36,269
some questions piling up on the QA app

1129
00:46:41,599 --> 00:46:37,920
so let me get to a couple of them Ronald

1130
00:46:43,940 --> 00:46:41,609
Minch is is asking does a black hole

1131
00:46:46,039 --> 00:46:43,950
ejecting debris in this case the star I

1132
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:46,049
would imagine indicate that they aren't

1133
00:46:48,710 --> 00:46:48,210
as powerful and stable as once thought

1134
00:46:50,510 --> 00:46:48,720
is there

1135
00:46:53,780 --> 00:46:50,520
correlation between these do they lose

1136
00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:53,790
energy when they eject things well so

1137
00:46:58,220 --> 00:46:55,170
this is this is an interesting question

1138
00:47:02,690 --> 00:46:58,230
there's actually a way to steal energy

1139
00:47:04,190 --> 00:47:02,700
from a black hole we probably don't have

1140
00:47:05,990 --> 00:47:04,200
enough time to get into this but there's

1141
00:47:09,589 --> 00:47:06,000
there's a region near the black hole

1142
00:47:13,339 --> 00:47:09,599
called the Virgo sphere and if you can

1143
00:47:16,280 --> 00:47:13,349
dip something into that region and come

1144
00:47:18,830 --> 00:47:16,290
out of it you can steal some energy from

1145
00:47:21,650 --> 00:47:18,840
the black hole and similarly you know

1146
00:47:23,690 --> 00:47:21,660
energy is always conserved and so when

1147
00:47:25,099 --> 00:47:23,700
you when you slingshot these stars the

1148
00:47:26,780 --> 00:47:25,109
energy has to come from somewhere and it

1149
00:47:29,990 --> 00:47:26,790
does come from these orbits it's the

1150
00:47:31,430 --> 00:47:30,000
same process basically as when we send

1151
00:47:33,650 --> 00:47:31,440
out satellites to the outer solar system

1152
00:47:36,349 --> 00:47:33,660
and we have a gravitational assist or a

1153
00:47:37,910 --> 00:47:36,359
slingshot by Mars or Jupiter it's the

1154
00:47:39,290 --> 00:47:37,920
same idea the energy has to come from

1155
00:47:43,490 --> 00:47:39,300
somewhere it comes from the orbit of

1156
00:47:47,540 --> 00:47:43,500
those ergo sphere the ergosphere the

1157
00:47:51,620 --> 00:47:47,550
other means energy Oh sphere so ergo I

1158
00:47:53,660 --> 00:47:51,630
think means work in Greek yeah yeah so I

1159
00:47:54,950 --> 00:47:53,670
did not know that I want to find out

1160
00:47:56,839 --> 00:47:54,960
more about that unfortunately right we

1161
00:47:58,010 --> 00:47:56,849
won't have a lot of time that is cool

1162
00:47:59,630 --> 00:47:58,020
thank you very much Ron well that was a

1163
00:48:02,750 --> 00:47:59,640
good question

1164
00:48:04,670 --> 00:48:02,760
let's see Craig Landon is asking on the

1165
00:48:07,310 --> 00:48:04,680
Q&A app similar to dr. Christians

1166
00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:07,320
question do these need to be binary

1167
00:48:11,030 --> 00:48:09,420
supermassive black holes or could

1168
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:11,040
something like an intermediate mass

1169
00:48:16,849 --> 00:48:13,710
black hole binary or not produce the

1170
00:48:17,660 --> 00:48:16,859
same energy necessary yeah so that's an

1171
00:48:19,640 --> 00:48:17,670
excellent question

1172
00:48:23,320 --> 00:48:19,650
and the short answer is we don't know

1173
00:48:25,790 --> 00:48:23,330
because there's there's only been some

1174
00:48:28,280 --> 00:48:25,800
theoretical modeling you know computer

1175
00:48:31,220 --> 00:48:28,290
modeling of these systems and people

1176
00:48:33,230 --> 00:48:31,230
haven't looked at how low of a mass you

1177
00:48:35,180 --> 00:48:33,240
could have her the companion I guess is

1178
00:48:37,820 --> 00:48:35,190
that having a intermediate-mass black

1179
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:37,830
holes or something that's a thousand or

1180
00:48:42,530 --> 00:48:41,010
a few thousand solar masses and a

1181
00:48:44,240 --> 00:48:42,540
supermassive black hole say something

1182
00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:44,250
that's a million to a billion solar

1183
00:48:50,150 --> 00:48:46,530
masses if you had that pair you probably

1184
00:48:51,589 --> 00:48:50,160
would do okay and and then you could do

1185
00:48:54,290 --> 00:48:51,599
there is still this scenario where you

1186
00:48:56,780 --> 00:48:54,300
could do it with a single black hole to

1187
00:48:58,760 --> 00:48:56,790
do that you need you need to start off

1188
00:49:01,670 --> 00:48:58,770
with three stars the triple star system

1189
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:01,680
and those are those are just rare it's

1190
00:49:04,370 --> 00:49:02,610
not impossible

1191
00:49:08,390 --> 00:49:04,380
talking about 13 that we've seen all

1192
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:08,400
that you know more rare than that uh no

1193
00:49:12,710 --> 00:49:11,310
so sooo that I it doesn't necessarily

1194
00:49:15,620 --> 00:49:12,720
have to be more rare than that I think

1195
00:49:18,380 --> 00:49:15,630
the the reason why the one reason why we

1196
00:49:20,720 --> 00:49:18,390
go to the binaries that really helps is

1197
00:49:23,480 --> 00:49:20,730
that we have all this evidence for

1198
00:49:25,910 --> 00:49:23,490
mergers and we know that when you have

1199
00:49:27,890 --> 00:49:25,920
binary you know you know that the two

1200
00:49:30,290 --> 00:49:27,900
versus three stars that's not as

1201
00:49:32,360 --> 00:49:30,300
important as just elevating the overall

1202
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:32,370
rate of ejection and that happens when

1203
00:49:36,740 --> 00:49:35,010
you just have these two black holes yeah

1204
00:49:38,690 --> 00:49:36,750
and I think the rate was again you say a

1205
00:49:41,180 --> 00:49:38,700
hundred per year versus one per year

1206
00:49:43,640 --> 00:49:41,190
well one per hundred years in the Milky

1207
00:49:45,050 --> 00:49:43,650
Way or even if you could even stretch it

1208
00:49:47,120 --> 00:49:45,060
further depending on you know it could

1209
00:49:48,890 --> 00:49:47,130
be one per thousand years and then up to

1210
00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:48,900
a thousand per year so it's really like

1211
00:49:53,090 --> 00:49:51,570
it's significantly different right right

1212
00:49:55,810 --> 00:49:53,100
okay well very good question Craig thank

1213
00:49:58,520 --> 00:49:55,820
you okay so Adams energy is asking again

1214
00:50:00,530 --> 00:49:58,530
another question normally we would

1215
00:50:03,380 --> 00:50:00,540
expect binary stars to take a long time

1216
00:50:06,170 --> 00:50:03,390
to merge but these stars must merge much

1217
00:50:08,660 --> 00:50:06,180
much quicker can Ryan estimate how long

1218
00:50:13,060 --> 00:50:08,670
it takes for these a ejected by an Aries

1219
00:50:16,970 --> 00:50:13,070
to go bang this is a beautiful question

1220
00:50:21,230 --> 00:50:16,980
so for these cases we we can determine

1221
00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:21,240
this at least on average so we know for

1222
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:23,310
the objects that are coming right at us

1223
00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:25,710
we know how fast they're moving and then

1224
00:50:31,220 --> 00:50:28,710
the ones that that are very far away we

1225
00:50:33,260 --> 00:50:31,230
have a rough estimate of how far away

1226
00:50:35,180 --> 00:50:33,270
they are from their galaxies now of

1227
00:50:37,820 --> 00:50:35,190
course they could be you know out in

1228
00:50:39,230 --> 00:50:37,830
front of us and then in projection they

1229
00:50:41,090 --> 00:50:39,240
look like they're they're closer than

1230
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:41,100
what they really are but if you take

1231
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:42,810
those two things we have a velocity in a

1232
00:50:49,820 --> 00:50:44,910
distance then you can measure a time

1233
00:50:51,770 --> 00:50:49,830
right so it must have gone some speed

1234
00:50:54,410 --> 00:50:51,780
for some amount of time to get to that

1235
00:50:57,370 --> 00:50:54,420
distance if you do that you end up

1236
00:51:00,950 --> 00:50:57,380
getting a time of about 50 million years

1237
00:51:03,950 --> 00:51:00,960
so that sounds like a long time it's

1238
00:51:07,660 --> 00:51:03,960
actually a very short time in terms of

1239
00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:07,670
the the life of a star or in terms of

1240
00:51:14,020 --> 00:51:11,490
the age of the universe and so this is

1241
00:51:16,550 --> 00:51:14,030
one of the important things is that if

1242
00:51:18,680 --> 00:51:16,560
if you have some few

1243
00:51:21,650 --> 00:51:18,690
between say when the stars were born and

1244
00:51:24,350 --> 00:51:21,660
when they explode and and it's

1245
00:51:26,450 --> 00:51:24,360
sufficiently short then you'll see them

1246
00:51:28,760 --> 00:51:26,460
all over the place and you should see

1247
00:51:30,950 --> 00:51:28,770
them close to where they're born and we

1248
00:51:33,410 --> 00:51:30,960
don't see that in this case so it has to

1249
00:51:36,230 --> 00:51:33,420
have a very long fuse normally say

1250
00:51:39,110 --> 00:51:36,240
longer than the age of the universe so

1251
00:51:41,060 --> 00:51:39,120
the typical objects that explode as

1252
00:51:43,670 --> 00:51:41,070
these thousand richer supernovae they

1253
00:51:45,890 --> 00:51:43,680
typically won't explode for say you know

1254
00:51:48,350 --> 00:51:45,900
twenty or fifty or a hundred billion

1255
00:51:51,050 --> 00:51:48,360
years much longer than the age of the

1256
00:51:53,690 --> 00:51:51,060
universe but through this interaction we

1257
00:51:55,580 --> 00:51:53,700
were able to shorten that fuse and so

1258
00:51:57,830 --> 00:51:55,590
then we're you know it who knows how

1259
00:51:59,720 --> 00:51:57,840
long it took maybe five billion years or

1260
00:52:02,090 --> 00:51:59,730
ten billion years before the star

1261
00:52:03,740 --> 00:52:02,100
actually gets kicked out but then after

1262
00:52:06,100 --> 00:52:03,750
that it's only about fifty million years

1263
00:52:08,270 --> 00:52:06,110
before it explodes Wow so that rapidly

1264
00:52:10,070 --> 00:52:08,280
accelerates the time that would take

1265
00:52:12,290 --> 00:52:10,080
direct to make a blow-up that's amazing

1266
00:52:13,730 --> 00:52:12,300
okay well two-toed it's sort of so to go

1267
00:52:16,010 --> 00:52:13,740
back to our analogy with the homeless

1268
00:52:18,320 --> 00:52:16,020
and knowing that where that guy is on

1269
00:52:19,940 --> 00:52:18,330
the outside of town and how we got there

1270
00:52:22,310 --> 00:52:19,950
you're saying you got kicked out of town

1271
00:52:24,920 --> 00:52:22,320
is that what it is yeah it's somebody

1272
00:52:26,180 --> 00:52:24,930
somebody drove him out of town yeah he

1273
00:52:27,980 --> 00:52:26,190
got drove out it that's what he's doing

1274
00:52:29,870 --> 00:52:27,990
there great question I'd appreciate that

1275
00:52:32,630 --> 00:52:29,880
okay one more question for model men

1276
00:52:36,050 --> 00:52:32,640
cheer he's asking I think this was to

1277
00:52:38,840 --> 00:52:36,060
you Carol it's like doctor see what PhD

1278
00:52:40,550 --> 00:52:38,850
are you I know someone who will just end

1279
00:52:42,170 --> 00:52:40,560
of someone who is just beginning to

1280
00:52:45,190 --> 00:52:42,180
venture into the physicists field so

1281
00:52:48,020 --> 00:52:45,200
what's your PhD astronomy physics

1282
00:52:50,870 --> 00:52:48,030
physics and astronomy and any advice to

1283
00:52:52,550 --> 00:52:50,880
those just starting out if that's what

1284
00:52:54,710 --> 00:52:52,560
you love to do go for it there's no

1285
00:52:56,150 --> 00:52:54,720
reason not to it's fabulous there's all

1286
00:53:00,260 --> 00:52:56,160
kinds of opportunities

1287
00:53:03,650 --> 00:53:00,270
I mean besides hangouts there's no and

1288
00:53:06,410 --> 00:53:03,660
research on supernovae there there are

1289
00:53:08,120 --> 00:53:06,420
lots of things to do in astronomy in

1290
00:53:11,690 --> 00:53:08,130
space science so that's what you know

1291
00:53:14,630 --> 00:53:11,700
okay yeah good question on thank you

1292
00:53:16,040 --> 00:53:14,640
thanks for asking so okay so Ryan before

1293
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:16,050
we leave I just want to real quickly

1294
00:53:19,490 --> 00:53:17,910
delve into some of the datasets you use

1295
00:53:22,160 --> 00:53:19,500
you said you use the Hubble archival

1296
00:53:24,850 --> 00:53:22,170
data with this this is data that's open

1297
00:53:27,350 --> 00:53:24,860
up to everyone you go to them at the the

1298
00:53:29,580 --> 00:53:27,360
master archive or the Hubble legacy

1299
00:53:31,380 --> 00:53:29,590
archive and you can get these data

1300
00:53:33,780 --> 00:53:31,390
what else did you use besides Hubble

1301
00:53:37,260 --> 00:53:33,790
data for your analysis yeah so first

1302
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:37,270
before before I go on I mean I should

1303
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:39,010
just say that the Hubble archive is one

1304
00:53:43,530 --> 00:53:41,110
of the best things in all of science and

1305
00:53:44,760 --> 00:53:43,540
I encourage people even if they're not

1306
00:53:47,100 --> 00:53:44,770
interested in doing some sort of

1307
00:53:49,410 --> 00:53:47,110
research you can just look up your

1308
00:53:51,870 --> 00:53:49,420
favorite part of the sky choose your

1309
00:53:54,110 --> 00:53:51,880
favorite object and look at beautiful

1310
00:53:56,790 --> 00:53:54,120
images that are not you know nobody else

1311
00:53:58,680 --> 00:53:56,800
has necessarily looked at exactly what

1312
00:53:59,970 --> 00:53:58,690
you're seeing and they have this there's

1313
00:54:02,220 --> 00:53:59,980
something called the Hubble legacy

1314
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:02,230
archive where they they have a webpage

1315
00:54:06,720 --> 00:54:04,510
it's it's like Google Maps you can you

1316
00:54:08,460 --> 00:54:06,730
know you can zoom in and zoom out and

1317
00:54:10,410 --> 00:54:08,470
move things around it's really really

1318
00:54:13,710 --> 00:54:10,420
nice so I encourage everybody to look at

1319
00:54:15,540 --> 00:54:13,720
that you hear a leak well we'll just as

1320
00:54:18,120 --> 00:54:15,550
easy to say its archive that is TS CI

1321
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:18,130
dot edu and you can go right from there

1322
00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:22,710
also I think hla dot stsci that the

1323
00:54:32,460 --> 00:54:28,450
legacy archive so in addition to Hubble

1324
00:54:35,070 --> 00:54:32,470
data I mainly used spectra that came

1325
00:54:38,580 --> 00:54:35,080
from the Lick Observatory the Keck

1326
00:54:42,720 --> 00:54:38,590
Observatory and Subaru which is another

1327
00:54:45,360 --> 00:54:42,730
telescope in in Hawaii and and then I

1328
00:54:48,420 --> 00:54:45,370
used a handful of other data sets that

1329
00:54:49,950 --> 00:54:48,430
for little bits and pieces so for a

1330
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:49,960
handful of the galaxies there were

1331
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:51,610
spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

1332
00:54:58,110 --> 00:54:54,910
things like that it really was pulling

1333
00:55:00,900 --> 00:54:58,120
whatever I could to try to understand

1334
00:55:02,520 --> 00:55:00,910
this whole topic so are you going to you

1335
00:55:04,080 --> 00:55:02,530
said that the further observations that

1336
00:55:05,490 --> 00:55:04,090
we're gonna be needed to kind of you

1337
00:55:06,750 --> 00:55:05,500
know make you feel a little bit more

1338
00:55:09,240 --> 00:55:06,760
confident about these would be to try

1339
00:55:10,530 --> 00:55:09,250
and resolve these in these binary

1340
00:55:12,720 --> 00:55:10,540
supermassive black holes in these

1341
00:55:14,220 --> 00:55:12,730
particular galaxies is using spectra any

1342
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:14,230
plans to do that or are you writing on

1343
00:55:20,490 --> 00:55:18,910
two proposals now or yes so so the the

1344
00:55:22,530 --> 00:55:20,500
the great thing is at the University of

1345
00:55:25,080 --> 00:55:22,540
Illinois we just hired a new faculty

1346
00:55:28,100 --> 00:55:25,090
member a new professor whose specialty

1347
00:55:30,510 --> 00:55:28,110
is binary supermassive black holes oh

1348
00:55:32,760 --> 00:55:30,520
we're looking into doing something about

1349
00:55:35,940 --> 00:55:32,770
this and then I should also point out

1350
00:55:39,240 --> 00:55:35,950
that in the schedule for the for the

1351
00:55:42,060 --> 00:55:39,250
Hubble Space Telescope is to image some

1352
00:55:43,220 --> 00:55:42,070
of these other supernovae where they

1353
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:43,230
where they happened

1354
00:55:47,720 --> 00:55:45,510
and so while we have images of a handful

1355
00:55:49,490 --> 00:55:47,730
of them pretty soon we're gonna we're

1356
00:55:52,250 --> 00:55:49,500
going to have almost all of them will

1357
00:55:54,890 --> 00:55:52,260
have Hubble images of them so I mean all

1358
00:55:57,620 --> 00:55:54,900
of them all of the 13 or 13 I think and

1359
00:56:00,160 --> 00:55:57,630
I think out of the 13 will will end up

1360
00:56:03,320 --> 00:56:00,170
with something like seven or eight

1361
00:56:07,310 --> 00:56:03,330
Hubble images whereas right now we we

1362
00:56:09,560 --> 00:56:07,320
don't have nearly that many and so so

1363
00:56:10,940 --> 00:56:09,570
that's that's going to be great and so

1364
00:56:13,580 --> 00:56:10,950
that'll be another way with the high

1365
00:56:14,990 --> 00:56:13,590
resolution images of Hubble they have a

1366
00:56:16,670 --> 00:56:15,000
better idea of what's going on at the

1367
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:16,680
Centers of their galaxies well that's

1368
00:56:19,609 --> 00:56:17,910
grad sounds standing what hope do we

1369
00:56:20,750 --> 00:56:19,619
hope you'll come back and share with us

1370
00:56:23,030 --> 00:56:20,760
what you find out once you get those

1371
00:56:25,490 --> 00:56:23,040
images as well as if you do manage to

1372
00:56:26,960 --> 00:56:25,500
get some more of the of the evidence of

1373
00:56:29,210 --> 00:56:26,970
the super of the binary black holes that

1374
00:56:30,560 --> 00:56:29,220
would be awesome as well so thank you

1375
00:56:31,970 --> 00:56:30,570
very much Ryan this has been a great

1376
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:31,980
hangout we appreciate you joining us

1377
00:56:37,190 --> 00:56:33,810
where it's always fun yeah we're running

1378
00:56:38,330 --> 00:56:37,200
out of time but I guess I Carol I guess

1379
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:38,340
we've got another one in the books that

1380
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:40,410
I we hope you guys will join us next

1381
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:42,810
week we are still working on the title

1382
00:56:45,620 --> 00:56:44,310
and what the subject will be because

1383
00:56:48,580 --> 00:56:45,630
Carol and I are still scrambling to get

1384
00:56:52,040 --> 00:56:48,590
a prize mode now that's right

1385
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:52,050
and I really appreciate Brian coming on

1386
00:56:58,910 --> 00:56:54,810
at the last minute I do - Thank You Ryan

1387
00:57:00,320 --> 00:56:58,920
there's been a last-minute yeah thank

1388
00:57:01,340 --> 00:57:00,330
you so much this has been great I want

1389
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:01,350
to thank all of you for asking questions

1390
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:03,210
and even your comments this has been

1391
00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:05,010
really fun until next week we'll see you

1392
00:57:09,920 --> 00:57:07,200
or another Hubble hangout thank you all